Technologies Outline

Acid Drainage

            Introduction

   Active Treatment (Chemical Treatment)

                        Conventional Lime and Limestone Treatment

                                    Calcium Carbonate (Limestone)

                                    Calcium Hydroxide (Hydrated Lime)

                                    Quicklime (CaO)

                        High Density Sludge Treatment

   Treatment with Alternative Neutralizing Reagents

Sodium Carbonate (Soda Ash)

                                    Sodium Hydroxide (Caustic Soda)

                                    Anhydrous Ammonia (NH₃)

                        Coagulants and Flocculants

                                    Coagulants

Alum (Al Sulfate)

                                             Ferrous Sulfate

                                             Ferric Sulfate

   Flocculants

Mineral

                                                   Activated Silica

                                                   Clays

                                                   Metal Hydroxides

                                             Synthetic

                                                   Anionic

                                                   Cationic

                                                   Nonionic (Polyampholytes)

                        Oxidants

                                    Oxygen

                                    Chloride Compounds

                                    Peroxide Materials

                                    Potassium Permanganate

 

Passive Treatment

                     Anoxic Limestone Drains

Bioreactor (Microbial Reactor Systems)

Biosorption Systems

Diversion Wells

Limestone Ponds

Open Limestone Channels

Stream Limestone Addition

            Limestone Sand

                                 Limestone Channel Bars

Wetlands

                                Aerobic

                                Anaerobic

                                Successive Alkalinity Producing System (SAPS)

Water (Surface Water and Ground Water) Source Control and Treatment

            Introduction

        In Situ

                        Physical

                                    Surface Water Controls

                                                Diversion Technologies

                                                            Equalization Basins

   Baffles

   Berms

                                                            Dams

                                                            Dikes

                                                            Ditches

                                                            Pipes

   Drains

                                                            Blanket

                                                            Chimney

                                                            French

                                                            Highwall

                                                            Porous Envelope

                                                Sediment Traps                                               

                                                            Silt Fences

                                    Ground Water Controls

                                                Extraction Wells

                                                Grout Curtain

                                                Seals

                                                            Dry

                                                            Hydraulic

                                                            Artesian Well               

   Sheet Metal Piling

                                                Slurry Wall

                                                            Soil Bentonite

                                                            Cement Bentonite

Chemical

Acid Neutralization (refer acid drainage section for active and  passive treatments)

Precipitation (refer to acid drainage section for active and passive treatments)

                                    Filtration

                                    Redox Manipulation

Adsorption (refer to acid drainage section for active and passive  treatments and ion exchange)

                                    Ion Exchange

                                    Separation/Recovery

                        Biological

                                    Bioremediation

                                                Biobarrier (refer to acid drainage section)

                                                Permeable Reactive Barrier

                                    Phytoremediation

Ex Situ

                        Chemical

Acid Neutralization (refer acid drainage section for active and passive treatments)

Precipitation (refer to acid drainage section for active and passive treatments)

                                    Filtration

                                    Redox Manipulation

Adsorption (refer to acid drainage section for active and passive treatments and ion exchange)

                                    Ion Exchange   

                        Biological

                                    Bioreactor (refer to acid drainage section)                    

Phytoremediation

           

Waste (Waste Rock, Mill Tailings, Soil) Source Control and Treatment

         Introduction

In Situ

            Physical

                        Covers

                                    ET (evapotranspirational)

                                    Clay

                                    Geosynthetic

                                    Water

                                    Combination (saturated/compacted)

                                    Capillary Barrier

                        Liners and Leachate Collection Systems

                        Physical Separation

Thermal

                        Vitrification

                        Thermal Desorption

                     Chemical

                                 Lime Amendment

Chemical Oxidation

                                 Immobilization

                                 Solidification

                     Biological

                                    Bioremediation

                                                Bioreactor

                                                Bioslurry

                                    Phytoremediation (refer to water controls and treatment)

Ex Situ

            Physical

                        Excavation

            Thermal

                        Thermal Desorption

                        Vitrification

                        Flame Reactor

                        Incineration

Chemical

                        Reprocessing

                                    Chemical Leaching

                                    Chemical Oxidation

                        Immobilization

                        Leaching/Extraction

                                    Acid Leaching

                                    Extraction

                                                            Soil

                                                            Selective

                                                Soil Washing

                        Biological

                                    Bioremedition

 

Cyanide Treatment

            Introduction

            Abiotic Degradation

                        Volatilization

                        Photodegradation

            Chemical Oxidation

                        Sulfur Dioxide/Atmospheric Oxygen

                        Hydrogen Peroxide

            Precipitation

                        Complexing agents

            Biodegradation

                        Aerobic

                        Anaerobic

 

Waste Disposal/Consolidation of Multiple Facilities

            Designed Repository

                         

Physical Stability

            Introduction

            Mass Movement Prevention

                        Regrading

                        Butressing

                        Internal Pore Pressure Control

                        Vegetative Establishment

            Erosion and Sedimentation

                        Surface Controls (refer to water source control and treatment section)

                        Vegetative Reestablishment (refer to revegetation section)

                        Rip-rap

                        Nylon Netting

                                   

Topographic Reconstruction

            Introduction

   Hillslope Reconstruction

            Stream Channel Reconstruction

            Drainage Basin Reconstruction

 

Vegetation

            Revegetation

                        Lime Amendment

                        Topsoil Addition

   Mulching

                        Seeding

                                    Conventional

                                    Hydraulic

   Planting

   Organic Amendments

                        Plant Nutrient Additions

                                    Nitrogen

                                    Phosphorus

                                    Potassium

                        Tillage

                       

Air

            Introduction

            Fugitive Dust Emissions

            Scrubbers

           

Prediction and Monitoring Technologies

      

            Hydrologic

                        Groundwater

                        Surface Water

                        Designed Repository Performance

HELP

                        Cover and Liner Performance

            Geochemical

                        Metal Speciation

                                    MINTEQA2

                                    PHREEQC

                        Geochemical Evolution

                                    EQ3/6

                        Soil/Matrix/Sediment

                                    Acid Generation Rates

            Vegetative Establishment

                        Vegetative Survey

                                    Plant Species and Density

            Water Quality

                        Water Sampling (refer to water characterization)

            Soil Health

                        Soil Sampling (refer to soil characterization)

            Air Quality

                        Air Sampling